Donald Mccormick, Etc. v. Aabakus Incorporated, et al

This workers' compensation appeal has been referred to the Special Workers' Compensation Appeals Panel of the Supreme Court in accordance with Tenn. Code Ann. _ 5-6- 225(e)(3) for hearing and reporting to the Supreme Court of findings of fact and conclusions of law. As discussed below, the panel has concluded the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings. The claimant, Donald McCormick, is the surviving spouse of Deborah Elaine McCormick. The couple lived together until Deborah's death on September 1, 1998. At the time of her death, Deborah, the employee, was employed byAabakus Incorporated as a shampoo technician at Illusions Salon and Spa. On September 9, 1998, Deborah clocked out for lunch at 11:31 a.m. She walked to a nearby sandwich shop, where she purchased her meal and an iced tea for a co-worker. At 11:45 a.m., she returned to Illusions and went to the employee break room to eat her lunch. She did not clock back in. Shortly thereafter, she choked on a portion of her sandwich. Responding to Deborah's distress, a co-worker called for paramedics while the salon manager performed the Heimlich maneuver. Initial attempts to dislodge the blockage were unsuccessful. Deborah lost consciousness before paramedics arrived, incurring irreversible brain injury. An ambulance transported her to St. Thomas Hospital, where she was pronounced dead the following morning. Illusions Salon and Spa allows its employees to take a thirty minute lunch break during the workday. Employees clock out during lunch and are not compensated for the break time. The salon's break room contains a refrigerator, microwave and sink. Employees are free to take advantage of the break room during lunch or to eat somewhere off the premises. At trial, Deborah's co-workers testified that management did not require them to be "on call" during lunch: however, two of the three shampoo technicians admitted to working occasionally though infrequently during these breaks. Upon the above evidence, at the conclusion of the plaintiff's case, the defendants moved for a directed verdict on the ground that reasonable minds could not disagree that Deborah's death did not arise out of the employment because she was "off the clock" at the time of the fatal injury. The trial judge found that the claimant had "failed to make out a prima facie case" and dismissed the complaint. Appellate review is de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of correctness of the findings of fact, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. Code Ann. _ 5-6-225(e)(2). Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo without any presumption of correctness. Presley v. Bennett, 86 S.W.2d 857 (Tenn. 1993). A motion for a directed verdict is neither necessary nor proper in a case which is being tried without a jury. See City of Columbia v. C.F.W. Construction Co., 557 S.W.2d 734 (Tenn. 1977). Since the present claim is one for workers' compensation benefits, the case was tried to the court without a jury. For an accidental injury to or death of an employee to be compensable under the Workers' Compensation Act, it must be one arising out of and in the course of employment. See Tenn. Code Ann. _ 5-6-12(12). "Arising out of" refers to the origin of the injury in terms of causation and "in the course of" relates to time, place and circumstance. McCurry v. Container Corp. of America, 982 S.W.2d 841, 843 (Tenn. 1998). Not every injury by accident which occurs in the course of employment is compensable; it is only compensable if it also arises out of employment, but any reasonable doubt as to whether such an injury arises out of the employment should be resolved in favor of the employee. The Act expressly declares itself to be a remedial one and should be construed liberally to effectuate its purpose of justly compensating injured employees and their families. Tenn. Code Ann _ 5-6-116; Williams v Preferred Development Corp., 224 Tenn. 174, 452 S.W.2d 344 (197); see also Story v. Legion Ins. Co., 3 S.W.3d 45 (Tenn. 1999). Acts necessary to the life, comfort and convenience of an employee while at work are incidental to the -2-